Evaluation is a cornerstone of success in IB Economics, especially in high-stakes questions like the 15-mark essays in Paper 1 or the 10-mark parts of Papers 2 and 3. Many students lose marks because they either neglect evaluation or fail to develop their points. This guide will walk you through the most effective evaluation techniques, providing templates, examples, and actionable strategies to boost your scores.
1. What is Evaluation in IB Economics?
Evaluation refers to your ability to critically assess the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of economic theories, policies, or models. It shows the examiner that you can think beyond textbook definitions and apply economics in a nuanced, real-world context.
Why is it Important?
Higher-Order Skill: Evaluation is the difference between "knowing" and "thinking critically."
Key to Level 7: In Paper 1 (15-mark questions), Paper 2 (10-mark questions), and Paper 3 (HL), evaluation often makes up 20%-40% of the marks.
2. When to Use Evaluation
Evaluation is required in:
Paper 1:
Part (b) of essay questions (15 marks).
Evaluation often accounts for 5–6 of these marks.
Paper 2:
The 10-mark question requires balanced analysis and evaluation.
Paper 3 (HL):
Evaluation may appear as part of the explanation in quantitative questions.
3. The Key Elements of Effective Evaluation
A well-rounded evaluation addresses these key elements:
1. Pros and Cons
Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the policy, theory, or concept.
Discuss who benefits and who might be negatively affected.
2. Short-Term vs. Long-Term Impacts
Consider the immediate effects versus potential long-term outcomes.
3. Assumptions and Limitations
Question the assumptions of the theory or policy.
Discuss factors that may limit its effectiveness in real-world application.
4. Alternative Perspectives
Suggest alternative policies or approaches.
Compare their strengths and weaknesses.
5. Real-World Context
Use specific examples from recent events, countries, or industries to ground your evaluation.
Example:"While a minimum wage may reduce income inequality in the short term, it could lead to higher unemployment in the long term, particularly in industries reliant on low-wage labor."
4. How to Structure Evaluation
Here’s a simple framework for structuring evaluation in your answers:
1. State the Point
Identify the specific policy, theory, or concept you’re evaluating.
2. Explain Its Impact
Discuss how it works and why it’s relevant to the context.
3. Evaluate Using Key Elements
Address at least 2-3 evaluation elements (e.g., pros and cons, assumptions, alternatives).
4. Provide a Final Judgment
Summarize your evaluation with a balanced conclusion.
5. Evaluation Techniques with Examples
Here are the top evaluation techniques with examples to apply in your answers:
1. Discuss Pros and Cons
Example Question: “Evaluate the effectiveness of subsidies in reducing market failure.”
Answer:"Subsidies reduce market failure by encouraging the consumption of merit goods, such as renewable energy. However, they come with a high opportunity cost, as governments may need to cut spending on other sectors like healthcare or education. Additionally, subsidies can lead to inefficiencies if producers become reliant on them rather than improving productivity."
2. Compare Short-Term vs. Long-Term Impacts
Example Question: “Evaluate the use of indirect taxes to reduce negative externalities.”
Answer:"In the short term, indirect taxes increase prices, discouraging consumption of goods like cigarettes. However, in the long term, their effectiveness may diminish if demand for these goods is inelastic or if black markets emerge to bypass taxes."
3. Question Assumptions
Example Question: “Evaluate the effectiveness of fiscal policy in reducing unemployment.”
Answer:"Fiscal policy assumes that government spending and tax cuts will stimulate demand. However, its effectiveness depends on the assumption that consumers will spend additional income rather than saving it. In a recession, where consumer confidence is low, this assumption may not hold true."
4. Suggest Alternatives
Example Question: “Evaluate the effectiveness of trade protectionism in protecting domestic industries.”
Answer:"While tariffs may protect domestic industries in the short term, they can lead to retaliation from other countries, reducing export competitiveness. Alternatives like government subsidies for innovation or workforce training might provide longer-term benefits without risking trade wars."
5. Use Real-World Examples
Example Question: “Evaluate the impact of monetary policy on controlling inflation.”
Answer:"Monetary policy has been effective in countries like the US, where the Federal Reserve increased interest rates in 2022 to curb inflation. However, in countries like Japan, where inflationary pressures are tied to supply-side factors, monetary policy alone may not be sufficient."
6. Common Mistakes to Avoid
One-Sided Evaluation: Avoid focusing only on advantages or disadvantages—examiners look for balance.
Lack of Depth: Don’t just list points; develop each with explanations and examples.
Ignoring Real-World Context: Ground your evaluation in current events or specific cases.
Repeating Analysis: Evaluation must go beyond restating your analysis.
7. Practice Question and Answer Outline
Question: “Evaluate the use of subsidies to promote renewable energy.”
Answer Outline:
Introduction: Define subsidies and their purpose in addressing market failure.
Analysis: Explain how subsidies increase supply and reduce prices, encouraging consumption of renewable energy.
Evaluation:
Pros: Reduces externalities, boosts renewable energy adoption.
Cons: High opportunity cost, potential for government misallocation.
Short-Term vs. Long-Term: Effective in the short term but may need phasing out to encourage market competition.
Alternatives: Taxing fossil fuels or investing in green technology may complement subsidies.
Conclusion: Summarize findings with a balanced judgment.
Conclusion
Mastering evaluation is key to unlocking top marks in IB Economics. By incorporating balanced arguments, real-world examples, and structured critiques, you can demonstrate critical thinking and earn the examiner’s approval. Practice these techniques with past paper questions and refine your approach to make evaluation second nature.